Beckner ITGS: November Vocab

Thursday, December 10, 2009

November Vocab

Internet Protocols - The set of standards responsible for ensuring that data packets transmitted over the Internet are routed to their intended destinations. Abbreviated IP.

HTTP - A protocol used to request and transmit files, especially webpages and webpage components, over the Internet or other computer network.

FTP - A communications protocol governing the transfer of files from one computer to another over a network.

TCP/IP - The rules about transmission; i.e. speed and routing

Cookie - A data file written to a hard drive by some Web sites, contains information the site can use to track such things as passwords, login, registration or identification, user preferences, online shopping cart information, and lists of pages visited.

Listserv - The software (server) used to maintain an electronic mailing list. Also known as list server.

Web Cam - A digital camera capable of downloading images to a computer for transmission over the Internet or other network.

Internet Languages - A system of symbols and rules used for communication with or between computers.

Netiquette - The set of rules or "etiquette" that should be followed when moving about the web

Intranet - A privately maintained computer network that can be accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or employees of the organization that owns it.

URL - An Internet address (for example, http://www.hmco.com/trade/), usually consisting of the access protocol (http), the domain name (www.hmco.com), and optionally the path to a file or resource residing on that server (trade).

hyperlink - A segment of text or a graphical item that serves as a cross-reference between parts of a hypertext document or between files or hypertext documents. Also called hotlink, hyperlink.

Bandwidth - The amount of data that can be passed along a communications channel in a given period of time.

WWW - a system of extensively interlinked hypertext documents: a branch of the Internet. Abbreviation: WWW

Browser - a software program that allows the user to find and read encoded documents in a form suitable for display, esp. such a program for use on the World Wide Web.

Search Engine - A software program that searches a database and gathers and reports information that contains or is related to specified terms.

E-mail - A system for sending and receiving messages electronically over a computer network, as between personal computers

Convergence -

Teleconferencing - A conference held among people in different locations by means of telecommunications equipment, such as closed-circuit television.

Videoconferencing - A teleconference using video technology, such as closed-circuit television.

Telecommuting - Performing job-related requirements using Telecommunications to transmit data and textual messages to the central organizational office without being physically present. Many of the job requirements of today's organizations involve information processing, which is the primary capability of telecommunications. Telecommuting utilizes telecommunications to accomplish these job requirements while avoiding all of the inconvenience and expense of physically commuting to work as well as requiring less organizational Overhead.

Digital Television - Television in which picture information is encoded into digital signals on the transmitter, and decoded at the receiver.

Push-Pull Technologies - A data distribution technology in which selected data are automatically delivered into the user's computer at prescribed intervals or based on some event that occurs. Although no longer in service, PointCast was the first Internet product to become popular for pushing selected news and stock quotes into a user's machine at prescribed intervals.

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Essential 11

1.1 Reliability - Reliability refers to the operation of hardware, the design of software, the accuracy of data or the correspondence of data with the real world. Data may be unreliable if it is entered incorrectly or if it becomes outdated. For example, a medical record that becomes dissociated from the patient it refers to becomes unreliable. The reliability of machines, software and data determines our confidence in their value.
1.2 Integrity - Integrity refers to correspondence of data with itself, at its creation. Data lacks integrity when it has been changed accidentally or tampered with. For example, a hacker might change driver licence data resulting in arrests of innocent people.
1.3 Security - Security refers to the protection of hardware, software, machines and networks from unauthorized access, alteration or destruction. Security measures include restricted access to machines and networks and encryption of information. The degree of security of information systems determines society’s confidence in the information contained in the systems.
1.4 Privacy and Anonymity - Privacy is the ability of individuals and groups to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about themselves is shared with others. At its extreme, privacy becomes anonymity, which might be called for in some contexts but is dangerous in others. For example, discussion of a delicate subject might require anonymity, or at least privacy. On the other hand, anonymity could also conceal the perpetrators of criminal, terrorist or computer hacking acts.
1.5 Authenticity - Authenticity means establishing the user’s identity beyond reasonable doubt. Authenticating the user is crucial in many situations, particularly in business and legal matters. A simple example of authentication is user login onto a network. A more advanced example would be the use of encrypted digital signatures in a business transaction.
1.6 Intellectual property - Intellectual property includes ideas, discoveries, writings, works of art, software, collections and presentations of data. Copyrights, trademarks and patents legally protect intellectual property, but easy and accurate duplication methods made available by IT can undermine such protections. On the other hand, the same methods create opportunity for inexpensive dissemination of information.
1.7 Equality of access - IT has the potential to offer universal access to information, regardless of distance, age, race, gender or other personal characteristics. However, the above characteristics, and cost, can also bar individuals or groups from access. For example, while telelearning brings previously unavailable opportunities to everyone’s doorstep, the cost of hardware, software or course fees might place the learning beyond the reach of an average person.
1.8 Control - As an instrument of control, IT improves reliability, accuracy and speed of systems. However, it can also be used to control people. An automatic aircraft landing system provides an example of increased reliability resulting from IT control. Employer surveillance of employees represents a new kind of control imposed on people.
1.9 Globalization and cultural diversity - Globalization means the diminishing importance of geographic, political, economic and cultural boundaries. IT has played a major role in reducing these boundaries. For example, any dramatic event anywhere in the world can be broadcast almost instantly by television or on the Internet. However, there is a fear that easier communication can become a source of cultural homogeneity. The new global village provides a worldwide cultural awareness, but may lead to less diversity.
1.10 Policies and standards - Policies are enforceable measures intended to promote appropriate use. They can be developed by governments, businesses, and private groups or individuals. They normally consist of rules governing access to, or use of, information, hardware and software. For example, a national policy on IT security would need to define what constitutes unlawful access to networks and how to treat transgression. Policies also affect the exchange of information, for example, by making it subject to copyright laws. In general, policies can promote or restrict access, modify behaviour or require the fulfillment of certain conditions prior to or during use. Standards are social or technical rules and conventions that enable compatibility and therefore facilitate communication or interoperability between different IT systems and their components. They might govern the design and use of hardware, software and information. For example, communication protocols used on the Internet, the ASCII representation for characters, or the design of the printer port on a personal computer are all governed by standards.
1.11 People and machines - The interaction of humans with IT hardware raises all the issues encountered in this section, as well as additional ones such as the following. • Who controls the design of technology and the pace of its introduction? • How safe and effective is the design? • Is technology going to extend human faculties and make work easier and more pleasant, or are machines going to displace humans and lead to mass unemployment? • Is technology used appropriately, or should a better, possibly non-technological alternative be found? • Which areas of human endeavour are best served by IT systems? • Which social and ethical issues arise from a comparison of people and machines in the following areas: stamina, memory, accuracy, speed, analysis, synthesis, judgment, innovation, creativity?

Beckner ITGS

Thursday, December 10, 2009

November Vocab

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